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[Music]

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[Applause]

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hi everyone I'm Elizabeth had a meal I'm

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gonna present the work that's being done

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on Micah which is a microfluidic I see

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world chemistry analyzer this is a

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collaboration between a couple of

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different NASA centers NASA aims to

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propulsion labs Tufts University Tony

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Rico is the PI on it and so mica is

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basically a combination between the

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heritage of the Phoenix wet chemistry

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labs which flew and and did some

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experiments on Mars back in 2008 and the

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work that's been done with micro

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fluidics on small satellites through

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Ames and together we're combining these

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ya into a basically a smaller version of

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the Phoenix wet chemistry labs that

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would might be useful on Europa Lander

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potential mission so the Europa Lander

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science definition team report came out

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with of course several different key

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science goals that they were interested

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in and we believe that the the mic

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instrument that we're building well not

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necessarily obviously going to address

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these it does have a very important role

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in them in it and the primary

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measurements that Myka is going to make

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our inorganic measurements just a little

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bit different from what a lot of other

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people are talking about here today

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it's an electro chemistry array that

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uses ion selective electrodes cyclical

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cemetry and chrono potentiometry and

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where it fits in in this this science

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definition team report is looking at

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characterizing the inorganic environment

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characterizing the sort of sources for

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energy that might be fueling these

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potential life forms looking at the

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habitability of the surface and just

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characterizing the chemical matrix in

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which the measurements will be taken and

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so all of this sort of stems from the

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Phoenix lander and so for those of you

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who maybe don't think about the Phoenix

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lander as often as some of us do I want

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to remind you exactly what the wet

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chemistry labs are and why they're

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actually a really great stepping stone

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for the Europa Lander so in 2008 the

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Phoenix lander landed on the northern

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plains of Mars and its mission was to

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assess the habitability of that site and

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it did that with

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different tools one of this was this

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microscopy electrochemistry and

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conductivity analyzer Mecca and what

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Mecca did was it had as part of it a

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series of four cells which were the wet

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chemistry labs and they were these

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electrochemical sensor arrays they

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included a suite of ion selective

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electrodes conductivity probes they

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sensed pH oxidation reduction potential

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and different oxidants in the soil and

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this was really the first time that on

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Mars we were able to characterize the

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the regul if in terms of these soluble

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species which was very important and in

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addition to having the success of

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actually measuring the primary cations

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that were in the soil and really giving

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us a context for that in measure pH for

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the first time and it detected

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perchlorate in the surface for the first

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time and this was a really really really

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important contribution to how we

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understand Mars so before this you know

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we had always expected there to be

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organic molecules and we'd go and we'd

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measure and they weren't there and we

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were all like what is happening and so

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when when Phoenix showed up and they

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actually measured what was in the soil

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they measured what was in the matrix of

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the sample that they were trying to

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detect these organics in they found this

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molecule called perchlorate and

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perchlorate is interesting because if

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you heat it up in the presence of

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organics which you get are a bunch of

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combusted organics and you don't

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actually see what you wanted to see so

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you know since then curiosity is then

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confirmed the presence of organic with

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this oxygen evolution peak so when

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perchlorate degrades when you heat it up

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it has this oxygen evolution peak and it

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explains why we were really for a long

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time only getting these very small

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chlorinated organics and it wasn't until

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very recently that we started to detect

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other things where we could search in

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environments that maybe perchlorate

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wasn't as abundant and what I'm trying

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to emphasize here is the importance of

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measuring even this inorganic matrix

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before you start doing these incredibly

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complicated awesome techniques that can

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maybe detect really low levels of

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organics and all of that but if you

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don't understand your chemical matrix at

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the base level then you could be missing

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something very obvious and now you've

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wasted all of this time and energy - and

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- because you just simply didn't test

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your your your matrix and this is really

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a first step in any basic laboratory

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analysis you know test your pH test

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what's in there and so we know that we

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did a really excellent job on Mars but

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there are different challenges for going

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forward on Europa and so we've been

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developing these sensors to test them to

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make sure that they will be robust

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enough to handle the environments that

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we expect on Europa and the first of

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those tests was the radiation dose so

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the radiation on Europa is much larger

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than the radiation on Mars and so we've

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been testing at this 300 killer ad

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totalized an ionization dose because the

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molecules that do sort of the heavy

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lifting and ion selective electrode are

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actually small organic molecules and so

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one of our concerns was that if they

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couldn't handle the higher radiation

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that there would be a problem and so we

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did some measurements we calibrated them

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and we compared them before and after

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this 300 kilo rad total radiation dose

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and we found that at least for the ones

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that we've tested so far there doesn't

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really seem to be a loss of performance

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so it looks like that high radiation

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environment doesn't seem to be going to

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be too much of a problem for at least

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these potentially these organic

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molecules that we put in our our

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membranes the second is the lifetime so

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Mars is a lot closer than Europa and so

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if we're looking at a 10-year flight

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mission we just wanted to make sure that

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these electrodes would still function

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when we got there and this was one of

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the great things about using a heritage

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technology is we actually had an

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original flight spare beaker that back

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in 2007 they sealed up put in a freezer

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and forgot about for 10 years and then

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we said well would this work if we got

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to Europa in 10 years it was very easy

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to test we just opened up the beaker and

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we did the calibration again and you can

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see before and after the the calibration

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the sensitivity hasn't really changed

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over time so they definitely do have a

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demonstrated actual 10-year

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survivability which was pretty exciting

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for us to learn and then the next thing

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that we wanted to know is you know the

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original wickel beakers use 25

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milliliters of water and that's a that's

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a lot of water for Europa and so we

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wanted to make sure that these would

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still function if we reduce that sample

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volume down to the micro liter level so

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we took the original form factor of the

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Wicklow electrodes and we put them into

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a sort of microfluidic channel so this

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is 14 electrodes in a total channel

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volume of 100 microliters and we tested

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to see whether or not the performance

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change going from a beaker with a large

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volume to

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this manifold with a small volume and as

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you can tell the performance actually

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stays pretty good and novita had a

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poster on what was that Monday about

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that I'm sure it's still up if you are

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interested or you can find her and chat

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about it and she's been doing more work

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testing the different components to make

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sure that these manifolds still still

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hold up and there were you know going

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forward it's nice to know that these

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heritage kind of electrodes actually do

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function and they would be useful on

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Europe and we could still get the same

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kind of excellent science return that we

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got from Phoenix using them but we

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wanted to make sure that we weren't

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missing anything so it's been a while

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since Phoenix and there have been

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amazing technology advances since then

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and so we sort of started looking at

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what the next generation of these ion

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selective electrodes looks like and so

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we started comparing the heritage local

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ones which are here to the Salt contact

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ones to see if there would be a benefit

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and maybe sacrificing a little TRL to

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get some benefit later on or whether or

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not it's it's better just to stick with

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the Heritage and so what we're mainly

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comparing here is the original heritage

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design it uses a hydrogel inner filling

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solution in order to do its main

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transduction from an ionic signal to an

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electronic one and while we know it can

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survive ten years of storage and we've

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done some dry storage testing which also

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kind of confirms that we can bring them

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back to life after drawing them out we

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wanted to know whether or not there

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would be benefit in eliminating that one

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of the benefits to eliminating that

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aside from just potentially adding a

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stability and survivability would be

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that we can reduce the size so this six

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millimeter size is kind of the limit if

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you're using that hydrogel but with by

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getting rid of it and using a

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carbon-based material which uses a

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capacitive transduction mechanism

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instead of a redox based one we're able

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to get it down to two millimeters so we

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could possibly fit more of them into a

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smaller array and we've been developing

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these well really there's been a lot of

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iterations of developing these solid

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contact ones since since the original

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Phoenix mission and this is sort of the

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most recent one so we have this two

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millimeter diameter using a graphene

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oxide carbon nanotube based transduction

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level and we've sort of are currently

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testing it in this small form-factor

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microfluidic array that includes

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calibration reservoirs and things of

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that nature and conductivity in testing

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it in this manner to see how it performs

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and so far it's performing just as well

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the original heritage ones which is

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which is excellent

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we were also wanted to address some of

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the some of the ions that we didn't

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actually measure when we were on Phoenix

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so ICS are really excellent at cations

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and then things get a little fuzzier

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when you go to anions and so what we

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were able to tech perchlorate to there

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are interferences and detecting becau

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right meant we couldn't detect a nitrate

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and so we've been developing techniques

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using the same types of electronics and

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electrodes that were in the original one

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we've been just sort of developing

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methods that would allow us to tailor

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that to detect other things and so

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here's an example of some CV which was

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on board the original Phoenix I'm using

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a silver electrode to detect nitrate you

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can see that the peak here varies with

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concentration and you can actually

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measure your nitrate based on that and

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we did a similar thing with sulfate and

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the led electrode where you can see that

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we can vary the concentration and get

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some potentially quantifying information

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about these these anions that might be

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swamped by other signals in the IOC's

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and so we've taken all of these

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wonderful developments for the the

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wickel heritage electrochemistry array

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and we're sort of coupling it with the

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knowledge at NASA Ames with their

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microfluidic so they've been doing these

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small satellite microfluidic devices for

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years and I'm not going to talk too much

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about that because someone else can talk

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about it later if they feel like it but

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we sort of brought these together and

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and put it in this splice which was

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talked about I was funded under cold

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tech funding I think Leslie talked about

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it on Tuesday I believe and this was

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sort of built and it has these

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connections where I can integrate with

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this this these at this M wickel are

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these these sort of microfluidic wickel

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devices that we've been building so

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we've been sort of testing it like that

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for a while and then this all comes

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together eventually in all of this

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knowledge and experience in this sort of

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heritage and high TRL work that we've

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been doing comes together in these

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actual proposed mica systems so we have

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a sealing door and a sample handling

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that's being developed by honeybee

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that'll allow us to have the meet the

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requirements that we need for that we

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have our calibrations our water

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reservoir our electrochemical sensor

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right here if here is Siri

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pumps and valves all of them and all of

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these are meant to fit into a design

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that is about you know 10 centimeters by

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17 by 11 and a half and it's basically

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going to fit into one of these smaller

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sections of the the proposed Europa

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Lander and so this is the current CAD

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design that we're working up and we're

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actually getting printed a I don't want

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to say as we speak but sometime in the

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not-too-distant future for integration

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and testing of all of these final are

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these these initial designs that we've

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been we've been doing and so with that I

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just want to run through these

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conclusions real quick so we have these

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electrochemistry measurements that are

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really well-suited to to address things

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like habitability and sample site

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characterization which is incredibly

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important when you're going to a place

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for the first time to do sort of

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complicated measurements and it really

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incorporates a lot of really high TRL

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Flight heritage devices which makes it

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what makes it a really promising

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technology and has been built off of

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funding from cold techs and things like

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that that have been basically bringing

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all of this together

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since the start of it and that we're at

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the stage where we're about to actually

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integrate all of these things and test

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them finally so in question I was really

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intrigued by your use of the the Phoenix

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parts

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was there anything else that you

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cannibalized that stood the test of time

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well yeah so the spare flake because you

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know it's it's funny that box sits in

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the freezer for a while and it takes up

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a lot of space and then it comes very

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useful I'm in that respect if there's

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anything else from them that we're using

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specifically from Phoenix I'm not sure

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because that was really optimized for

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taking soil and mixing it with water

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right and here we're expecting to be

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able to sort of maybe melt our sample

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and we don't need to do as much in the

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mixing so from there we have a few a few

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tweaks which is a micro fluidics part of

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it but yeah cool nice work

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[Music]